Cases: the record made specific¶

Surveillance in the EU can be set out in general terms: the legal openings, the adversaries, the patterns of use. The particulars are documented, recent, European cases, cited to their primary sources.

None of them required a leak from inside a spy agency to surface. They came from investigative journalists, a forensic lab, security researchers, and the officials and reporters caught up in them. The evidence for how surveillance works in the EU is, increasingly, in the open.

Last reviewed: 2026-07-08.